Deprecated: iconv_set_encoding(): Use of iconv.internal_encoding is deprecated in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/string/string.php on line 28

Deprecated: iconv_set_encoding(): Use of iconv.input_encoding is deprecated in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/string/string.php on line 29

Deprecated: iconv_set_encoding(): Use of iconv.output_encoding is deprecated in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/string/string.php on line 30

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 652

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 654

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 652

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 654

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 652

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 654

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/cms_core_functions.php on line 4

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/cms_core_functions.php on line 8
Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/cms_core_functions.php on line 23
xml:lang="fr-FR" lang="fr-FR" > Au cœur des réseaux criminels : l'exemple de l'Albanie
Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/call_menu.php on line 3

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/call_menu.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/responsive/responsive_mobile_top_bar.php on line 28

Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/responsive/responsive_mobile_top_bar.php on line 50

Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/includes/application.php on line 539
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Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::S5buildXML() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/default.php on line 43

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 182

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

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Au cœur des réseaux criminels : l'exemple de l'Albanie

Ou comment les réseaux mafieux albanais ont su implanter leurs activités criminelles dans un pays fragilisé....

 

Sur la route entre Shkodër et Tirana (deux villes d'Albanie), il est impossible de ne pas remarquer, à Blinisisht en Zadrimë, huit grandes croix, nommées « Les croix des filles massacrées ». Elles sont dédiées à Gijysina de Fuchë-Arrës (Pukë), à Rajmonda d'Elbasan, à Erjola de Korçë, à Lina de Tirana, à Servete de Durrës... L'une d'elles ne porte aucun nom et symbolise toutes les autres victimes anonymes de la traite des êtres humains à des fins d'exploitation sexuelle.

Comme dans tous les pays où la traite implique de nombreuses activités illégales, il n'existe pas de données chiffrées fiables sur le nombre de victimes de la traite. Selon les statistiques officielles établies à partir des signalements des familles, on dénombre plus de 600 Albanaises « disparues ».


Un pays en proie aux trafiquants

L'Albanie est une jeune démocratie qui tente de se redresser suite à l'effondrement du communisme en 1991. Mais l'échec de l'industrialisation et l'introduction de l'économie de marché ont provoqué l'apparition d'un taux de chômage important. Le produit national brut par habitant du pays reste un des plus bas d'Europe, après le Kosovo et la Moldavie. Une grande partie de la population albanaise ne survit que grâce à l'aide humanitaire internationale et à l'argent versé par la diaspora.

Ces bouleversements ont eu des conséquences majeures sur la vie quotidienne des populations. Faute d'espoir dans leur pays, l'immigration est apparue aux Albanais comme la seule alternative possible. Un mouvement d'exode massif a débuté en juillet 1990, quand plus de 5 000 personnes ont envahi les ambassades d'Allemagne, d'Italie et de France pour obtenir le statut de réfugiés politiques. En août 1991, ce sont des dizaines de scafi (des puissants bateaux pneumatiques) qui, pendant des semaines, ont déchargé près de 18 000 clandestins albanais sur les côtes italiennes. Fin 1996, 350 000 Albanais vivaient à l'étranger. On estime aujourd'hui qu'il y a plus d'un million de migrants albanais dans le monde (pour une population locale d'un peu plus de 3 millions).

Une situation économique précaire, la détresse de la population tout comme l'attrait puissant de l'étranger sont les facteurs essentiels à l'origine du développement des réseaux criminels albanais. Pour beaucoup, l'activité criminelle devient un moyen de survie. Et, en ce sens, le trafic des femmes, source intarissable de revenus, est un commerce facile, rapide et sans danger pour le trafiquant. Un commerce d'autant plus facile qu'après l'exode massif des années 90 (qui concernait avant tout les hommes), les femmes, déjà peu considérées par cette société traditionnelle, se trouvaient plus fragilisées et exposées à la violence.

Ce sont les anciens fonctionnaires de la police politique du régime communiste (la Sigurimi), éjectés du nouveau système, qui ont organisé les premiers réseaux. Leur parfaite connaissance de l'appareil politique albanais tout comme l'usage de la corruption ont facilité leur développement rapide dans le pays. Le soutien des mafias italiennes et des communautés albanophones installées à l'étranger a ensuite aidé à leur implantation rapide dans les pays européens (en Italie et en Belgique qui accueille la population albanophone le plus importante d'Europe).

La majorité des victimes de la traite sont des femmes enlevées de force, vendues par leurs parents ou d'autres membres de leur famille. Mais les données nous montrent aussi que certaines sont exploitées sexuellement par des hommes albanais avec lesquels elles ont eu des relations amoureuses. Les deux meilleures méthodes utilisées pour les recruter sont les faux mariages et les promesses de trouver un travail à l'étranger. Le centre Vatra (foyer albanais), dans son dernier rapport « Evolution du trafic des êtres humains 2002-2009 » constate que ces formes de recrutement demeurent les mêmes à l'heure actuelle. Les trafiquants ont cependant changé les manières de s'adresser à leurs victimes : ils sont devenus moins agressifs et promettent une « vie meilleure ».

Des premières mesures efficaces....

Selon ce même rapport, le nombre de victimes de la traite externe est en diminution depuis 2002. Cette année-là, 289 victimes étaient prises en charge par le centre Vatra, implanté dans le sud de l'Albanie, au cœur des trafics ; elles étaient 238 en 2005, 76 en 2007, 36 en 2009.

Cette diminution serait la conséquence de quatre facteurs : la création d'une nouvelle structure au plus haut niveau de l'Etat pour lutter contre le trafic des êtres humains ; l'approbation de la loi n°8733 du 24 janvier 2001 instaurant dans le Code pénal albanais l'incrimination de toutes activités liées au trafic des êtres humains ; la présence des ONG ; et, en 2006, la dotation d'une loi albanaise interdisant la circulation des bateaux à moteur sur ses eaux territoriales.

En 2008, le Département d'Etat américain récompensait les efforts significatifs menés par le gouvernement pour combattre le phénomène : l'Albanie passait en « niveau 2 », dans le classement mondial du rapport annuel sur la traite des êtres humains.

Pour autant, ces efforts demeurent insuffisants. Le cadre législatif a été renforcé. Mais les politiques manquent de ressources financières et humaines pour mettre ces lois en application de manière efficace. Et, le nombre des procès intentés aux trafiquants est encore très limité : soit les victimes sont menacées et finissent par retirer leur plainte, soit les juges sont corrompus et condamnent les trafiquants à des peines symboliques.

Par ailleurs, une nouvelle forme de traite se développe actuellement à l'intérieur des frontières albanaises. La traite interne contient les mêmes éléments constitutifs du trafic des êtres humains : recrutement, transport, hébergement, zones de source, proxénètes, clients, etc. hormis celui de franchissement des frontières. Mais l'Albanie ne possède pas de législation spécifique contre cette forme de traite et, pour l'heure, le gouvernement se refuse à reconnaître l'existence du phénomène.

Ce refus met à jour une des difficultés rencontrées par l'Albanie : il existe de fortes contradictions quant au statut de la victime de traite au regard du régime juridique de la prostitution. Le pays est prohibitionniste, ce qui signifie que tous les acteurs du système prostitutionnel (la personne prostituée, le proxénète, le client) sont sanctionnés par la loi. En théorie, du moins ! Dans les faits, ce sont les personnes prostituées qui sont condamnées, alors que les proxénètes, du fait de la corruption des juges ou de la police, sont peu poursuivis (pour les clients, il est difficile de savoir ce qu'il en est par manque de sources). Dès lors, l'urgence pour l'Albanie, aujourd'hui, est de faire évoluer son cadre législatif pour que les victimes de trafics et de prostitution soient enfin protégées par la loi.

JG / CG

Cet article est le résultat d'entretiens avec Valbona Trashani, auteur d'une étude sur la prostitution en Albanie (bientôt disponible sur le site du CRIDES).

Pour en savoir plus : 
Maryse Chureau, « Traite des femmes et analyse géopolitique : focus sur le cas albanophone », Hérodote, n°136, Femmes et géopolitique, 1er trimestre 2010.

Les sites de la Fondation

lien vers le site fondationscelles.org

lien vers le site du CRIDES

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