Deprecated: iconv_set_encoding(): Use of iconv.internal_encoding is deprecated in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/string/string.php on line 28

Deprecated: iconv_set_encoding(): Use of iconv.input_encoding is deprecated in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/string/string.php on line 29

Deprecated: iconv_set_encoding(): Use of iconv.output_encoding is deprecated in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/string/string.php on line 30

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 652

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 654

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 652

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 654

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 652

Deprecated: preg_replace(): The /e modifier is deprecated, use preg_replace_callback instead in /home/fond/public_html/infos/libraries/joomla/filter/input.php on line 654

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/cms_core_functions.php on line 4

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/cms_core_functions.php on line 8
Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/cms_core_functions.php on line 23
xml:lang="fr-FR" lang="fr-FR" > La mama, le vaudou et la dette : particularités du proxénétisme africain
Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/call_menu.php on line 3

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/call_menu.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/responsive/responsive_mobile_top_bar.php on line 28

Deprecated: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/responsive/responsive_mobile_top_bar.php on line 50

Deprecated: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/includes/application.php on line 539
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Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::S5buildXML() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/default.php on line 43

Strict Standards: Only variables should be assigned by reference in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 182

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 325

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getChildItems() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 394

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

Deprecated: Non-static method S5modMainMenuHelper::getMenuContent() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/fond/public_html/infos/templates/shape5_vertex/vertex/s5flex_menu/helpers.php on line 380

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La mama, le vaudou et la dette : particularités du proxénétisme africain

Exemplaire à bien des titres, le jugement rendu le 4 novembre dernier par le Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris offre un éclairage précis sur le fonctionnement de la prostitution africaine.

 

Depuis une dizaine d'années, la prostitution africaine n'a cessé d'augmenter en France. D'abord camerounais, ses réseaux de proxénétisme se sont étendus aux pays anglophones, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone. En 2007, on estimait que les femmes originaires d'Afrique sub-saharienne représentaient 21,6% du nombre de prostituées exerçant à Paris sur la voie publique1. Comme d'autres réseaux de proxénétisme, le réseau africain se nourrit de la pauvreté et du manque de perspectives offertes à ces jeunes femmes dans leurs pays d'origine. Comme d'autres réseaux aussi, il abuse les plus naïves en se servant largement d'Internet, des cyber-cafés locaux et des agences matrimoniales pour faire miroiter un radieux avenir à des candidates au mariage qui n'hésitent pas à transmettre des photos d'elles à des hommes qui les épouseront d'abord pour les exploiter ensuite.

Là où s'arrêtent les comparaisons avec les réseaux de type mafieux, là où se situe la perversité autant que la redoutable efficacité du proxénétisme africain, c'est dans son caractère quasi-familial. Profitant d'un système culturel traditionnellement basé sur l'entraide, les réseaux de proxénétisme africains utilisent la figure du chaperon pour se faire confier des jeunes filles. Qu'il s'agisse de les héberger durant leurs études ou de les embaucher dans un salon de beauté, la promesse de prise en charge est le plus souvent formulée par une femme, tante ou amie, qui a déjà « réussi » en France. En toute confiance, les familles contractent alors une dette très lourde pour que s'organise le passage de leur fille vers la France. Transport, passeport, visas, hébergement, faux-papiers, il y a toujours un proche qui sait y faire, et tout un réseau s'active.


Emprise psychologique et physique

Pour finir, sous prétexte de garantir le succès de cette entreprise de migration sous des cieux soi-disant meilleurs, on clôt toute l'affaire par une cérémonie vaudou appelée ju-ju, encore très pratiquée en Afrique de l'Ouest. Avec ce rituel durant lequel le sorcier prélève des cheveux, poils ou rognures d'ongles de la jeune fille concernée, on scelle une promesse de remboursement qui lui sera sans cesse rappelée, par la force s'il le faut, et qui sert de base à son exploitation dans la prostitution. Parfois réitérée à l'arrivée en France, au moment où la vérité du « travail » à fournir est révélée, cette séance de ju-ju est un moyen de pression psychologique extrêmement puissant, mêlant croyances ancestrales et loyauté familiale.

Trahies par leurs proches, logées à plusieurs dans de minuscules appartements sous la surveillance perpétuelle d'autoritaires « mamas » qui confient à leurs frères, compagnons ou maris le soin de les former, de les frapper ou de les violer, brutalement plongées dans l'enfer de la prostitution ou de la pornographie la plus dégradante2, les jeunes femmes africaines sont exploitées pendant des années pour venir à bout des 40 ou 50 000 euros qu'a prétendument coûté leur venue en France. Prisonnières de ce système de proxénétisme « matriarcal », certaines d'entre elles finiront à leur tour par devenir des « mamas », ces femmes à qui les familles confient leurs enfants en toute confiance.

 

C'est l'ensemble de ce processus qui a été mis en lumière lors de l'affaire jugée en novembre dernier. Elle concernait deux jeunes femmes originaires du Nigeria, âgées de 22 et 23 ans à leur arrivée à Paris. Forcées à se prostituer pendant plus d'un an pour le compte de proxénètes nigérians, elles ont réussi à leur échapper et ont pris contact avec l'associationEACP (Equipes d'Action Contre le Proxénétisme) qui les a orientées vers des enquêteurs spécialisés et s'est portée partie civile lors du procès.


Le témoignage des victimes

Les auditions des deux jeunes femmes ont permis le démantèlement du réseau bien établi qui les exploitait. Toutes deux ont été approchées au Nigéria, prises en charge par un passeur et conduites en France au terme d'un périple d'un an. A leur arrivée, elles ont été accueillies par Madame K qui leur a demandé de rembourser leur dette - 55 000 euro pour l'une et 40 000 pour l'autre - en se prostituant, dans les foyers d'immigrés parisiens le jour, à la Porte de Saint-Cloud la nuit. Outre l'emprise psychologique obtenue par le biais du ju-ju, pratiqué au Nigeria puis en France, les proxénètes avaient par ailleurs recours à la violence physique et à diverses méthodes d'intimidation pour contraindre les jeunes femmes à se prostituer. Le frère de Madame K exerçait un contrôle permanent sur leur activité et les battait ou les privait de nourriture lorsqu'il n'était pas satisfait d'elles.


Le fonctionnement du réseau

Au Nigeria, c'est la mère de Madame K et/ou la dénommée « Mama Helen » qui était chargée de repérer des jeunes femmes, de s'entendre avec leurs parents sur la dette à rembourser (généralement environ 70 000 euro) et de faire pratiquer la cérémonie vaudou avant de prendre contact avec des passeurs. Les investigations policières ont établi que Madame K et son mari géraient la prostitution d'au moins six jeunes femmes, qui logeaient chez eux ou chez le frère de Madame K. Ce dernier avait pour mission de surveiller les jeunes femmes, de diriger leur activité, de récupérer l'argent ou encore de les assister dans leurs démarches administratives. L'enquête a révélé des transferts d'argent de plusieurs milliers d'euros entre les proxénètes nigérians en France et des recruteurs au Nigéria et en Côte d'Ivoire, ainsi qu'à destination de plusieurs autres pays tels que le Ghana, le Liban ou l'Italie.


Les condamnations

La 16ème chambre du Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris, spécialisée dans les affaires de proxénétisme, a retenu les qualifications de proxénétisme aggravé mais aussi de traite des êtres humains à l'encontre de trois des personnes prévenues et les a condamnées à de l'emprisonnement ferme.

Par ailleurs, les demandes d'indemnisation des deux victimes, au titre de leur préjudice patrimonial temporaire, des souffrances endurées, du déficit fonctionnel permanent, mais aussi au titre du préjudice sexuel, ont été reçues par le Tribunal, après constatation de la réalité des préjudices par les experts judiciaires.

AC/AB


1 Guy Parent, La prostitution africaine à Paris, BRP, 2008
2 Amély-James Koh Bela, La prostitution africaine en Occident : Vérité-Mensonges-Esclaves, Editions CCINIA Communication, 2005

Les sites de la Fondation

lien vers le site fondationscelles.org

lien vers le site du CRIDES

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